{"id":9446,"date":"2013-03-05T17:04:03","date_gmt":"2013-03-05T22:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/?p=9446"},"modified":"2013-03-05T17:04:03","modified_gmt":"2013-03-05T22:04:03","slug":"soumis-au-ministre-pierre-duchesne-ministere-de-lenseignement-superieur-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/?p=9446","title":{"rendered":"Soumis au ministre Pierre Duchesne, minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><em>Soumis au ministre Pierre Duchesne, minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie du Qu\u00e9bec dans le cadre du Sommet sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>Par Jacques Martin<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\n<table width=\"756\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"642\">\n<p>Introduction<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"168\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"474\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"right\">I-<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"642\">\n<p>La gouvernance et le financement des universit\u00e9s<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p>1.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"580\">\n<p>Transparence dans la gestion (rapports d\u2019activit\u00e9s)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p>1.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"580\">\n<p>Salaires des recteurs et autres cadres sup\u00e9rieurs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p>1.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"580\">\n<p>Gestion des contrats de recherche<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p>1.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"580\">\n<p>Gestion des r\u00e9gimes de retraite<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p>1.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"580\">\n<p>La gestion des cadres et du personnel non-enseignant<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p>1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"580\">\n<p>Financement des universit\u00e9s<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"642\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"51\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"62\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"106\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"474\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"51\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie publiait, \u00e0 l\u2019automne 2012, un document d\u2019information intitul\u00e9\u00a0:\u00a0 Pr\u00e9parer le Sommet sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur pour tous<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>. En pr\u00e9vision du Sommet, quatre th\u00e8mes devaient \u00eatre approfondis dont les suivants\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 et la participation aux \u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures<\/li>\n<li><strong>La gouvernance et le financement des universit\u00e9s<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>La contribution des \u00e9tablissements et de la recherche au d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019ensemble du Qu\u00e9bec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Nous aborderons dans le pr\u00e9sent texte le troisi\u00e8me th\u00e8me, soit la gouvernance et le financement des universit\u00e9s.\u00a0 <strong>Nous pr\u00e9senterons certains \u00e9l\u00e9ments pouvant servir \u00e0 pr\u00e9parer le Sommet sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur<\/strong>. Il s\u2019agit de pistes de solution sur le financement des droits de scolarit\u00e9 car, \u00e0 ce stade-ci, nous n\u2019avons pas acc\u00e8s \u00e0 toutes les donn\u00e9es requises dont dispose le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation ou celles provenant des diverses instances impliqu\u00e9es dans ce d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La CREPUQ<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> consid\u00e8re que les universit\u00e9s qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises sont sous-financ\u00e9es d\u2019environ 620 millions de $ par ann\u00e9e. Nous ne remettons pas en cause ces chiffres puisque cela d\u00e9passe nettement notre propos.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le pr\u00e9sent texte sugg\u00e8re \u00e0 ceux qui pr\u00e9pareront le Sommet sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019approfondir certains arguments qui laissent croire qu\u2019une meilleure gestion universitaire pourrait g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des \u00e9conomies substantielles et r\u00e9duire ainsi le montant du manque \u00e0 gagner de 620 millions $ avanc\u00e9 par les recteurs.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 la section V de notre document, nous soumettons des pistes de solutions pour combler, en partie, ou en totalit\u00e9, ce manque \u00e0 gagner qui aura \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9 ou accept\u00e9 par les participants au Sommet.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La gouvernance et le financement des universit\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Transparence dans la gestion (rapports d\u2019activit\u00e9)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Est-il normal que plusieurs facult\u00e9s, \u00e9coles professionnelles ou universit\u00e9s du Qu\u00e9bec ne publient pas de rapports annuels ?\u00a0 Lorsqu\u2019elles en publient, les donn\u00e9es sont tellement agr\u00e9g\u00e9es (sauf exception) qu\u2019il est difficile, sinon impossible, d\u2019en faire une analyse s\u00e9rieuse. Par exemple, H\u00c9C ne publie pas de rapport annuel sur son site Internet. Or, il s\u2019agit ici d\u2019un budget de fonctionnement de plus de 135 millions de $ annuellement \u2026 ne serait-il pas normal que nos facult\u00e9s et universit\u00e9s fassent preuve de plus de transparence ?\u00a0 Comment les membres du conseil d\u2019administration (CA) peuvent-ils suivre la gestion sans un tel rapport ? Comment les associations de professeurs (AP) peuvent-elles d\u00e9battre des orientations strat\u00e9giques de leur institution sans tomber dans des luttes intestines pour se partager les ressources ?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2\u00a0 Salaires des recteurs et autres cadres sup\u00e9rieurs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 L\u2019Universit\u00e9 Concordia trois recteurs ont d\u00e9missionn\u00e9 ( ou ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cong\u00e9di\u00e9s) sur une p\u00e9riode\u00a0 de 5 ans. L\u2019universit\u00e9 \u00a0a d\u00fb verser des primes de d\u00e9parts totalisant 3,1 millions de $ \u00e0 ces hauts dirigeants.\u00a0 Est-ce une erreur dans la s\u00e9lection de ces recteurs ou ont-ils \u00a0\u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9s de d\u00e9missionner ? Toujours \u00e0\u00a0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 Concordia, cette derni\u00e8re \u00e0 accord\u00e9 un pr\u00eat, \u00a0sans int\u00e9r\u00eat, de 1,4 million $ \u00a0\u00e0 un candidat \u00a0au poste de recteur int\u00e9rimaire afin qu\u2019il puisse s\u2019acheter un condo? <a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Un grand nombre de recteurs (ou doyens) gagnent entre 350\u00a0000$ et 500\u00a0000$, par ann\u00e9e. C\u2019est beaucoup plus que le salaire du premier ministre du Qu\u00e9bec&#8230; Y a-t-il une \u00e9chelle salariale pour les recteurs et doyens? En d\u2019autres termes, puisqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de fonds publics, serait-il normal que le gouvernement \u00a0du Qu\u00e9bec puisse encadrer\u00a0 ces \u00e9chelles salariales et qu\u2019elles soient connues du public ?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gestion des contrats de recherche<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dans nos universit\u00e9s, il se fait de plus en plus de la recherche pour les entreprises priv\u00e9es. On peut se poser la question si tous les co\u00fbts reli\u00e9s \u00e0 cette recherche sont factur\u00e9s au secteur priv\u00e9 par les professeurs d\u2019universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec (ex.\u00a0: frais de loyer de bureau, de communications, papeterie, photocopies, cartouches d\u2019encre, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bref, si les professeurs facturaient \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise priv\u00e9e les vrais co\u00fbts de leurs travaux de recherche, ne r\u00e9colteraient-ils pas beaucoup plus d\u2019argent et une bonne partie de cet argent pourrait retourner dans les coffres des universit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Actuellement, plusieurs entreprises priv\u00e9es ( ex\u00a0: l\u2019Industrie pharmaceutique) consid\u00e8rent qu\u2019il est plus avantageux de confier leur recherche\u00a0\u00a0aux chercheurs universitaires plut\u00f4t que \u00a0d\u2019effectuer cette recherche \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de leurs propres laboratoires. Ainsi, plusieurs laboratoires pharmaceutiques ont ferm\u00e9 leurs portes dans la r\u00e9gion de Montr\u00e9al derni\u00e8rement pour confier leur recherche aux professeurs d\u2019universit\u00e9<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.4\u00a0 Gestion des r\u00e9gimes de retraite<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Au cours des ann\u00e9es 1970-2008, les universit\u00e9s se sont d\u00e9tach\u00e9es du RREGOP pour se doter de r\u00e9gimes compl\u00e9mentaires de retraite capitalis\u00e9s \u00e0 100 %. Ces r\u00e9gimes de retraite sont \u00e0 prestations d\u00e9termin\u00e9es. Ainsi, les professeurs re\u00e7oivent \u00e0 leur retraite une pension pouvant s\u2019\u00e9lever jusqu\u2019\u00e0 plus de 70 % du salaire moyen de leurs cinq meilleurs ann\u00e9es de revenu selon le nombre de leurs ann\u00e9es de service. Si le fonds de pension des professeurs n\u2019obtient pas un rendement suffisant pour constituer les r\u00e9serves actuarielles requises pour payer les rentes promises, la direction de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 doit aller puiser ailleurs les fonds manquants comme c\u2019est le cas actuellement.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi comme l\u2019\u00e9crivait A. Poitras, \u00ab\u00a0la d\u00e9b\u00e2cle boursi\u00e8re de 2008, puis la chute des taux d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat ont creus\u00e9 des trous b\u00e9ants dans les fonds de pension universitaires. Les d\u00e9ficits de capitalisation \u2013 sont maintenant vertigineux\u00a0:\u00a0 307\u00a0 millions de $ \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval, 254 millions $ \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, 228 millions $ \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al \u2026<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pour \u00eatre en mesure de tenir leurs promesses de rentes \u2013 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 70 % du salaire \u00e0 la retraite-, les universit\u00e9s doivent combler ces trous \u00e0 m\u00eame leur budget de fonctionnement qui doit en principe \u00eatre consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement, \u00e0 la recherche et \u00e0 l\u2019encadrement des \u00e9tudiants. \u00c9videmment, l\u2019argent qu\u2019elles consacrent \u00e0 renflouer les fonds de pension, elles ne peuvent le mettre ailleurs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Est-ce que le gouvernement du Qu\u00e9bec versera une subvention annuellement pour compenser les faibles rendements obtenus par les fonds de pension universitaires depuis 2008 ou est-ce plut\u00f4t les retrait\u00e9s universitaires qui devront accepter des pensions r\u00e9duites comme doivent le faire les d\u00e9tenteurs d\u2019un R\u00c9ER dans le secteur priv\u00e9 ?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9gimes compl\u00e9mentaires de retraite capitalis\u00e9s repr\u00e9sentent des milliards.\u00a0 Avec un d\u00e9ficit de capitalisation de pr\u00e8s de 800 millions $ pour les seules universit\u00e9s Laval, de Montr\u00e9al et du Qu\u00e9bec, on peut douter que les univesit\u00e9s disposent des comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires pour g\u00e9rer des capitaux d\u2019une telle envergure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>La gestion des cadres et du personnel non-enseignant<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dans un document intitul\u00e9\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Faut-il vraiment augmenter les frais de scolarit\u00e9?\u00a0\u00bb, Eric Martin et Simon Tremblay-Pepin<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u00e9crivaient que les arguments fournis par la CREPUQ, pour justifier la hausse des droits de scolarit\u00e9 \u00e9taient \u00e0 l\u2019effet que ces hausses permettraient d\u2019<strong>engager les meilleurs professeurs, d\u2019acheter de meilleurs \u00e9quipements et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Or, il est \u00e9tonnant de constater que de 2000 \u00e0 2008, ce sont les gestionnaires et les cadres qui constituent l\u2019essentiel des r\u00e9centes embauches comme le d\u00e9montre le graphique 1.\u00a0 La reconversion commerciale de l\u2019universit\u00e9 exige de plus en plus de contr\u00f4les administratifs et de co\u00fbteux m\u00e9canismes de surveillance<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<table width=\"1065\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"726\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"white\" width=\"54\" height=\"30\">\n<table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"white\" width=\"54\" height=\"30\">\n<table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div>\n<p>2008<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"105\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"266\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"100\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"256\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"621\">\n<p>Sources\u00a0: Universit\u00e9 de montr\u00e9al, <em>Rapports annuels 2000, 2008<\/em>,\u00a0 ww.recteur.umontreal.ca\/documents\/<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0\u00c0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, le graphique montre que le personnel administratif (cadres et professionnels) y est pass\u00e9, entre 2000 et 2008, de 10 % (817 employ\u00e9-e-s) \u00e0 15 % (1712 employ\u00e9-e-s) du personnel. En contrepartie, la proportion des professeurs a diminu\u00e9, passant de 26 % du personnel total des universit\u00e9s en 2000 \u00e0 22 % en 2008\u00a0\u00bb<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Autre exemple, \u00e0 l\u2019UQ\u00c0M, pour la p\u00e9riode de 2000 \u00e0 2006, la masse salariale des professeur-e-s n\u2019a augment\u00e9 que de 19 % alors que celle du personnel de gestion a connu une hausse de 30 % et celle des cadres sup\u00e9rieurs, de 40 %<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0Entre 1997 et 2005, la part de la masse salariale allant \u00e0 la direction des universit\u00e9s du Qu\u00e9bec a augment\u00e9 de 2 %, alors que celle des professeur-e-s a diminu\u00e9 de 4,4 %. La masse salariale du personnel de direction et de g\u00e9rance a augment\u00e9 de 83,2 % entre 1997 et 2004\u00a0\u00bb<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dans les universit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines, le ratio du personnel affect\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019administration et au soutien par rapport au personnel enseignant a presque doubl\u00e9 de 1976 \u00e0 2009, passant de 50 % en 1976 \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 100 % en 2009<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>. (Voir graphique 2).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDespite so many fat years, universities have done little until recently to improve the courses they offer. University spending is driven by the need to compete in university league tables that tend to rank almost everything about a university except the (hard-to-measure) quality of the graduates it produces. Roger Geiger and Donald Heller of Pennsylvania State University say that since 1990, in both public and private colleges, expenditures on instruction have risen more slowly than in any other category of spending, even as student numbers have risen. Universities are, however, spending plenty more on administration and support services (see chart 2)\u201d<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>On pourrait r\u00e9sumer cette citation anglaise par ce qui suit<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0En d\u00e9pit d\u2019un grand nombre d\u2019ann\u00e9es fastes, les universit\u00e9s ont peu fait jusqu\u2019\u00e0 tout r\u00e9cemment afin d\u2019am\u00e9liorer l\u2019enseignement offert. Les d\u00e9penses universitaires sont allou\u00e9es afin de leur permettre de comp\u00e9titionner entre elles sur un grand nombre de crit\u00e8res qui touchent \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s tous les aspects universitaires, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de la qualit\u00e9 (difficile \u00e0 \u00e9valuer) des dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s qu\u2019ils forment. Selon Roger Geiger et Donald Heller de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Pensylvania State, les d\u00e9penses attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019enseignement ont augment\u00e9 beaucoup plus lentement que toutes autres cat\u00e9gories de d\u00e9penses, dans les institutions post-secondaire, tant celles du secteur public que priv\u00e9, et cela m\u00eame si le nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudiants s\u2019est accr\u00fb. Par ailleurs, les universit\u00e9s ont d\u00e9pens\u00e9 beaucoup plus sur les aspects administratifs et de services de support comme l\u2019indique le graphique 2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\n<p>Proportion des employ\u00e9s professionnels (non-enseignant) par 100 enseignants.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Source : The Economist, op. cit. p. 29<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter que la tendance \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation vertigineuse des frais d\u2019administration et de soutien dans les universit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines a \u00e9t\u00e9 encore plus spectaculaire qu\u2019au Qu\u00e9bec, de 1976 \u00e0 2009, malgr\u00e9 le fait que les droits de scolarit\u00e9 aient explos\u00e9s aux Etats-Unis au cours de cette m\u00eame p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>En effet, alors que l\u2019indice des prix \u00e0 la consommation a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9 par quatre de 1978 \u00e0 2012, passant de 100 en 1978 \u00e0 400 en 2012 (voir graphique 3), les droits de scolarit\u00e9 furent multipli\u00e9s par douze aux \u00c9tats-Unis, passant de 100 en 1978 \u00e0 1200 en 2012<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">Graphique 3<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\n<p align=\"center\">\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparaison entre l\u2019accroissement de l\u2019indice des prix \u00e0 la consommation et l\u2019augmentation des frais de scolarit\u00e9 dans les universit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines entre 1978 e 2012\u00a0: Indice janvier 1978 = 100 \u2013 Source, The Economist, op. cit. p. 29<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La CR\u00c9PUQ affirme que toute augmentation des droits de scolarit\u00e9 permettrait d\u2019accro\u00eetre la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019enseignement et de la recherche. L\u2019exp\u00e9rience v\u00e9cue par les universit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines depuis les 35 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es nous incite \u00e0 la prudence en ce qui a trait \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation des droits de scolarit\u00e9 car, aux Etats-Unis, ceux-ci ont \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9s surtout \u00e0 l\u2019embauche de personnel de gestion plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 celui de personnel enseignant.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Financement des universit\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dans un excellent article r\u00e9dig\u00e9 en 2004 par Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lacroix et Patrick Sabourin<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>, ces derniers concluaient ceci\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Enfin, il ne para\u00eet pas justifiable d\u2019augmenter les frais de scolarit\u00e9 pour l\u2019ensemble des \u00e9tudiants qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois avant d\u2019ouvrir le d\u00e9bat plus fondamental, que constitue le niveau de financement accord\u00e9 aux institutions universitaires anglophones du Qu\u00e9bec.\u00a0 Ce niveau d\u00e9passe de loin celui justifi\u00e9 par la proportion d\u2019anglophones au Qu\u00e9bec et, de plus, est compl\u00e8tement hors-normes comparativement aux pratiques en vigueur dans les autres provinces canadiennes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 En termes clairs, le Qu\u00e9bec finance, sans aucune contrepartie, une part disproportionn\u00e9e du syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9ducation post-secondaire destin\u00e9 \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 de langue anglaise du Canada. Si le Qu\u00e9bec \u00e9tait dans la \u00ab\u00a0moyenne canadienne\u00a0\u00bb et si McGill accueillait la m\u00eame proportion d\u2019\u00e9tudiants non-r\u00e9sidents que l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Toronto environ 7000 places d\u2019\u00e9tudes devaient \u00eatre retranch\u00e9es du total accord\u00e9 \u00e0 McGill (soit 23,6 % du total des places d\u2019\u00e9tudes en 2002 et \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s 45 millions sur 200 millions de $ du budget total de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les universit\u00e9s anglo-qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises sont financ\u00e9es \u00e0 un niveau qui d\u00e9passe de loin la proportion d\u2019anglophones au Qu\u00e9bec. Ceci \u00e9tant le cas, ces institutions ratissent large et vont garnir leurs bancs en recrutant ailleurs que dans les rangs de la communaut\u00e9 anglo-qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise.\u00a0 Les \u00e9tudiants canadiens non-r\u00e9sidents repr\u00e9sentent une proportion importante de la client\u00e8le du syst\u00e8me anglo-qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois. Ceux-ci sont massivement concentr\u00e9s dans trois universit\u00e9s\u00a0:\u00a0 Bishop\u2019s, McGill et Concordia. Environ 79 % des \u00e9tudiants hors-province sont accueillis dans les universit\u00e9s anglophones. Cette situation est sans \u00e9quivalent ailleurs au Canada.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On peut calculer que sans cette pr\u00e9sence d\u2019\u00e9tudiants non-r\u00e9sidents, la part des universit\u00e9s anglophones descendrait \u00e0 18 % du financement total (au lieu de 23,2 %), ce qui correspond \u00e0 une diminution de 20 % en termes relatifs et environ 82 millions de dollars par ann\u00e9e en termes absolus. Cette somme correspond grosso modo au tiers du sous-financement des universit\u00e9s qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises en termes de fonds de fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9raux selon l\u2019\u00e9tude du CREPUQ-MEQ. L\u2019impact financier des non-r\u00e9sidents est donc important. Le sur-financement de la fili\u00e8re anglophone est en partie li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019importante pr\u00e9sence d\u2019\u00e9tudiants canadiens non-r\u00e9sidents\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Les calculs de Lacroix et Sabourin devraient \u00eatre actualis\u00e9s en 2013 afin de v\u00e9rifier si le sur-financement des universit\u00e9s anglophones du Qu\u00e9bec correspond toujours au tiers du sous-financement des universit\u00e9s qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises. Si tel \u00e9tait le cas, il y aurait lieu, pour le gouvernement, de r\u00e9agir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div><br clear=\"all\" \/><\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> <em>L\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur pour tous ; document d\u2019information\u00a0:\u00a0 pr\u00e9parons le Sommet, <\/em>Mesrst.gouv.qc.ca, p. 6<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> CREPUQ\u00a0:\u00a0 Conf\u00e9rence des recteurs et des principaux des universit\u00e9s du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 <em>Le financement des universit\u00e9s qu\u00e9b\u00e9coises compar\u00e9 \u00e0 celui des universit\u00e9s des autres provinces canadiennes de 2000-2001 \u00e0 2007-2008,<\/em> &#8211; 17 novembre 2010, p. 7.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0 F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00e9tudiante universitaire du Qu\u00e9bec, (FEUQ)\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0<em>Mettre de l\u2019ordre dans la chaos\u00a0:\u00a0 critique de la gestion universitaire\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb, novembre 2011, p. 3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0 Martine Letarte, <em>Les universit\u00e9s sont mises \u00e0 contribution \u2013 Industrie pharmaceutique<\/em>, Le Devoir, 3-4 novembre 2012 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ledevoir.com\/societe\/sante\/\">www.Ledevoir.com\/societe\/sante\/<\/a> \u2026 \/<em> Les-universit\u00e9s-sont-mises-\u00e0-contribution <\/em>et Bertrand Marotte, <em>Merck to invest 12,6 millions $ in Quebec Health<\/em>, Globe &amp; Mail, 26 novembre 2012<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0 Eric Martin et Simon Tremblay-Pepin, <em>Faut-il vraiment augmenter les frais de scolarit\u00e9 ? Huit arguments trompeurs sur la hausse<\/em>, Institut de recherche et d\u2019informations socio-\u00e9conomiques (IRIS), 2010, p. 9<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Eric Martin et Simon Tremblay-Pepin, op. cit., p. 9<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> Eric Martin et Simon Tremblay-Pepin, op. cit., pps. 9 et 10<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> Eric Martin et Simon Tremblay-Pepin, op. cit., p.10<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> Eric Martin et Simon Tremblay-Pepin, <em>Universit\u00e9 inc., Des mythes sur la hausse des frais de scolarit\u00e9 et l\u2019\u00e9conomie du savoir<\/em>, Lux, 2011, p. 29<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> The Economist, <em>Higher education, not what it used to be<\/em>, December 1st, 2012, pps. 29-30<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> The Economist, id, ibidem<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> Traduction libre de l\u2019auteur<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> The Economist, op. cit. p. 29<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lacroix, Patrick Sabourin; <em>Financement des universit\u00e9s\u00a0: le non-dit,<\/em> revue l\u2019Action nationale, octobre 2004, p 87, p.104 et p.97<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\nvar addthis_config = {\"data_track_clickback\":false,\"data_track_addressbar\":false,\"data_track_textcopy\":false};\n<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/s7.addthis.com\/js\/250\/addthis_widget.js#pubid=a457a6d63fb9e6ccabdde4110343bd85\"><\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Soumis au ministre Pierre Duchesne, minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie du Qu\u00e9bec dans le cadre du Sommet sur l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #800000;\">Par Jacques Martin<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\n<p>Introduction<\/p>\n<p>3&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-accueil"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9446"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9458,"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9446\/revisions\/9458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9446"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.lecarrefourdesopinions.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}